7+ Clear Sky Campus 00s Photos: Nostalgia!


7+ Clear Sky Campus 00s Photos: Nostalgia!

The phrase encapsulates academic establishments characterised by open, unobstructed environments through the first decade of the twenty first century. It evokes photographs of college or faculty settings the place bodily and maybe metaphorical transparency prevailed within the early 2000s. For example, one may envision a college with trendy, glass-walled buildings set in opposition to an expansive, open panorama, symbolizing a departure from extra conventional, enclosed tutorial areas.

This era witnessed a major emphasis on accessibility and openness in campus design and institutional tradition. The meant benefits included fostering collaboration, selling pupil well-being by means of entry to pure gentle and out of doors areas, and projecting a picture of progress and forward-thinking. Traditionally, this period adopted shifts in architectural design in direction of extra modern and fewer hierarchical constructions, reflecting broader societal values of transparency and connectivity.

Subsequent sections will delve deeper into particular architectural tendencies, pedagogical approaches, and technological integrations generally noticed inside studying environments described by the preliminary phrase. Additional examination will discover how these options contributed to the general studying expertise and formed the campus panorama of the time.

1. Architectural Modernism

Architectural Modernism served as a foundational aesthetic and practical precept underpinning the “clear sky campus 00s” idea. The motion’s emphasis on clear traces, geometric kinds, and in depth use of glass straight influenced campus designs throughout this period. This resulted in buildings characterised by openness and transparency, each actually and figuratively. The cause-and-effect relationship is obvious: Modernist beliefs propagated by means of architectural discourse, resulting in their implementation in campus planning. This method was perceived as forward-thinking and aligned with the technological developments of the time. Its significance lies within the creation of environments that fostered a way of neighborhood and accessibility, contrasting with the extra enclosed and hierarchical designs of earlier generations.

A outstanding instance illustrating this connection is the enlargement of many college science and expertise facilities through the 2000s. Buildings resembling analysis labs and engineering buildings had been typically designed with massive glass facades, permitting for pure gentle and visibility into the internal workings of those amenities. This transparency aimed to demystify scientific endeavors and encourage collaboration. Moreover, the sensible utility of modernist ideas prolonged past aesthetics. Open ground plans, modular designs, and the combination of expertise into constructing techniques enhanced flexibility and adaptableness, important traits for quickly evolving tutorial disciplines. Examples additionally embrace constructions that facilitate studying like libraries and lecture halls with clear design components.

In abstract, Architectural Modernism performed a essential position in shaping the bodily surroundings of the “clear sky campus 00s.” By prioritizing transparency, performance, and a forward-looking aesthetic, it contributed to the creation of studying areas that mirrored the values of the early twenty first century. Nonetheless, challenges resembling sustaining power effectivity in glass-dominated constructions and making certain equitable entry to open areas stay pertinent issues when assessing the long-term affect of this architectural motion. The synthesis of architectural design, pedagogical approaches, and technological developments outlined a definite period in campus improvement, creating areas that catered to the digital age.

2. Digital Integration

Digital Integration fashioned a core part of the “clear sky campus 00s,” reflecting the widespread adoption of web applied sciences and digital assets inside larger training. This integration permeated numerous features of campus life, from tutorial instruction to administrative capabilities, essentially reshaping the coed expertise.

  • Ubiquitous Web Entry

    The institution of pervasive Wi-Fi networks enabled college students and school to entry info and studying assets from just about any location on campus. This shift facilitated on-line analysis, collaborative venture work, and communication, breaking down conventional boundaries to info entry. Libraries transitioned from solely bodily repositories to hybrid fashions providing in depth digital collections and on-line databases. College students might join from frequent areas, dormitories, and out of doors areas, enhancing their total studying expertise.

  • Studying Administration Techniques (LMS)

    The widespread implementation of LMS platforms, resembling Blackboard and Moodle, centralized course supplies, assignments, and communication channels. Instructors utilized these platforms to distribute syllabi, publish lecture notes, facilitate on-line discussions, and administer assessments. College students, in flip, accessed these assets remotely, enabling flexibility of their research schedules and studying types. The LMS grew to become a central hub for tutorial actions, streamlining the alternate of data and fostering interplay between instructors and college students.

  • On-line Analysis and Databases

    Digital integration offered entry to an unlimited array of on-line databases, tutorial journals, and analysis assets. College students had been now not restricted to bodily library holdings, having access to an unprecedented quantity of data. This facilitated extra in-depth analysis and evaluation, enabling college students to interact with present scholarly debates. The supply of those assets fostered a tradition of mental exploration and inquiry, equipping college students with the instruments essential to conduct impartial analysis and contribute to their respective fields.

  • Administrative and Communication Techniques

    Digital integration additionally prolonged to administrative capabilities, streamlining processes resembling registration, monetary assist functions, and pupil companies. On-line portals enabled college students to handle their accounts, observe their tutorial progress, and talk with college workers. This elevated effectivity and decreased administrative overhead. Electronic mail grew to become the first mode of communication between the college and its college students, facilitating well timed dissemination of data and bulletins. Using digital techniques improved accessibility and responsiveness, making a extra student-centered administrative expertise.

The convergence of those aspects demonstrates the great nature of Digital Integration inside the “clear sky campus 00s.” Whereas these developments supplied quite a few advantages, in addition they introduced challenges associated to digital fairness, knowledge privateness, and the efficient use of expertise in pedagogy. The legacy of this period continues to form the fashionable larger training panorama, with ongoing efforts to refine and improve digital studying environments. Campuses additionally face new problem with cyber safety because of digital integration which requires new insurance policies and procedures. The secret’s to verify digital infrastructure is powerful, safe, and accessible for all members of the campus neighborhood.

3. Collaborative Areas

The emergence of Collaborative Areas as a defining attribute of the “clear sky campus 00s” displays a paradigm shift in pedagogical approaches and campus design. This focus arose from a rising recognition of the significance of peer studying, interdisciplinary collaboration, and lively engagement within the studying course of. The emphasis on developing shared environments straight influenced how campuses had been deliberate and utilized throughout this era.

  • Open-Plan Studying Environments

    Conventional lecture rooms, characterised by mounted seating preparations and unidirectional communication, started to present method to open-plan studying environments. These areas featured versatile furnishings, movable partitions, and technology-enabled whiteboards, facilitating dynamic group interactions and project-based studying. For instance, library areas had been typically redesigned to include group school rooms outfitted with multimedia presentation instruments, encouraging collaborative analysis and information sharing. These areas weren’t simply confined to the library. Open areas between departments additionally turn out to be gathering spots for collaborative initiatives. The implication was to maneuver from a didactic instructing mannequin to a student-centered studying mannequin the place collaborative work and collective drawback fixing are central to studying.

  • Know-how-Wealthy Group Work Areas

    Collaborative Areas inside the “clear sky campus 00s” had been typically outfitted with superior technological infrastructure. These included interactive shows, video conferencing techniques, and shared digital workspaces. Such applied sciences enabled college students to collaborate seamlessly, no matter bodily location, fostering a way of neighborhood and shared function. A sensible instance includes the implementation of “sensible lecture rooms,” the place college students might wirelessly join their units to a central show, permitting for real-time collaboration on shared paperwork and shows. These designs fostered environments conducive to group work and collective creation of data.

  • Casual Gathering Spots

    Past formal studying environments, Collaborative Areas prolonged to casual gathering spots all through the campus. These areas, resembling pupil lounges, espresso outlets, and out of doors seating areas, had been designed to encourage spontaneous interactions and casual information alternate. Furnishings was typically organized to facilitate dialog and group discussions. The significance of those casual areas lay of their capability to foster a way of neighborhood and encourage informal interactions that might result in new concepts and collaborations. The emphasis positioned on social interplay as a part of the faculty studying expertise marks a necessary attribute of campus planning in that interval.

  • Interdisciplinary Collaboration Hubs

    Recognizing the rising want for interdisciplinary approaches to complicated issues, many “clear sky campus 00s” establishments created devoted Collaboration Hubs. These areas introduced collectively college students and school from numerous tutorial disciplines, fostering cross-pollination of concepts and collaborative analysis initiatives. For instance, a Collaboration Hub may home a design studio, an information visualization lab, and a prototyping workshop, enabling college students from engineering, artwork, and enterprise to work collectively on modern options. These hubs had been additionally typically built-in with analysis amenities or company partnerships to permit college students to interact in collaborative venture alternatives past the classroom.

In conclusion, Collaborative Areas represented a major departure from conventional fashions of upper training, emphasizing lively studying, interdisciplinary collaboration, and a way of neighborhood. The mixing of expertise, versatile studying environments, and casual gathering spots created a campus surroundings that was conducive to innovation and information creation. These architectural and pedagogical shifts mirrored a broader societal emphasis on teamwork and collaboration, getting ready college students to thrive in a quickly altering world. The lasting affect of those developments is obvious in present tendencies in larger training that proceed to emphasise collaborative studying and interdisciplinary approaches to training.

4. Scholar-Centric Design

Scholar-Centric Design constitutes a basic pillar of the “clear sky campus 00s,” reflecting an intentional shift in direction of prioritizing the wants and experiences of scholars in campus planning and academic practices. The emergence of this method arose from a recognition that the training surroundings straight impacts pupil success and well-being. As such, campus design and institutional insurance policies had been more and more tailor-made to cater to the varied studying types, wants, and preferences of the coed inhabitants. One outstanding instance is the creation of studying commons, which give college students with entry to a wide range of assets, together with expertise, tutoring companies, and collaborative research areas, all inside a single, centrally positioned facility. The result’s a extra accessible and user-friendly campus surroundings that facilitates tutorial success and private progress.

This idea extends past bodily areas to embody tutorial help companies and curricular design. For example, many establishments throughout this era applied personalised advising packages that offered college students with tailor-made steering on tutorial planning, profession exploration, and private improvement. Curricular reforms typically centered on incorporating lively studying methods, resembling problem-based studying and service-learning initiatives, that engaged college students in significant and related studying experiences. A trigger and impact could be seen the place if campus creates packages primarily based on suggestions from their college students resembling amenities to help the scholars which have youngsters like daycare middle will permit these kind of scholars to have much less stress on their studying journey, these campuses can be valued significantly. Sensible functions additionally included enhancing accessibility for college kids with disabilities, making certain that every one campus amenities and assets had been totally compliant with accessibility requirements. Scholar suggestions mechanisms, resembling surveys and focus teams, had been utilized to repeatedly assess and enhance the coed expertise.

In abstract, Scholar-Centric Design performed a pivotal position in shaping the “clear sky campus 00s,” fostering a extra inclusive, supportive, and interesting studying surroundings. By prioritizing pupil wants and preferences, establishments aimed to reinforce pupil success, promote well-being, and put together graduates for significant lives and careers. Whereas challenges associated to funding, useful resource allocation, and institutional tradition remained, the legacy of this motion continues to affect campus planning and academic practices within the twenty first century. The dedication to creating student-centered studying environments stays a central tenet of latest larger training. This additionally forces administrative workers to embrace expertise to make issues extra environment friendly and student-focused, resembling straightforward registration for lessons, pupil actions, and so forth. which additional promotes Scholar-Centric Design in campus 00s.

5. Environmental Consciousness

Environmental Consciousness gained prominence as a essential design and operational precept inside academic establishments through the “clear sky campus 00s.” This connection displays a broader societal shift in direction of sustainability and ecological duty. The rising understanding of human affect on the surroundings influenced campus planning, constructing design, and useful resource administration practices. A key trigger was the rising consciousness of local weather change and useful resource depletion, main establishments to proactively undertake environmentally aware methods. The impact was the combination of sustainable practices into numerous features of campus life. This was not only a superficial addition, however a deep dedication to constructing a campus which protects the pure surrounding surroundings.

The incorporation of Management in Vitality and Environmental Design (LEED) requirements into new development and renovation initiatives exemplifies this pattern. Campuses pursued LEED certification to exhibit their dedication to sustainable constructing practices, specializing in components resembling power effectivity, water conservation, and indoor air high quality. Sensible functions additionally included the implementation of recycling packages, waste discount initiatives, and the adoption of renewable power sources, resembling photo voltaic panels and geothermal techniques. Some establishments went additional by incorporating environmental training into their curriculum, elevating consciousness amongst college students and school. Actual-life examples are seen in universities selling the creation of neighborhood gardens, organizing Earth Day occasions, and supporting student-led environmental advocacy teams. The important thing goal was to cut back the campus’s ecological footprint and promote environmental stewardship.

In abstract, Environmental Consciousness emerged as an integral part of the “clear sky campus 00s,” driving the adoption of sustainable practices throughout numerous features of campus life. Whereas challenges associated to price, implementation, and scalability remained, the dedication to environmental sustainability continues to form campus planning and operations within the twenty first century. The popularity that academic establishments have a duty to mannequin sustainable conduct and educate future generations about environmental points stays a central tenet of latest larger training. This resulted not simply in a extra environmentally accountable campus, but additionally created academic alternatives and neighborhood outreach packages that enhanced institutional affect.

6. Accessibility Focus

Accessibility Focus, as a essential ingredient inside the “clear sky campus 00s” framework, underscores a dedication to creating inclusive studying environments for people with disabilities. This emphasis displays evolving authorized requirements, moral issues, and a rising recognition of the significance of equitable entry to training. The mixing of accessibility issues into campus planning, design, and insurance policies aimed to take away boundaries and facilitate the complete participation of all college students.

  • Architectural Diversifications

    Throughout the early 2000s, architectural variations grew to become a major focus in enhancing campus accessibility. This included making certain compliance with the Individuals with Disabilities Act (ADA) requirements in new development and renovations. Ramps, elevators, and accessible restrooms grew to become commonplace options in tutorial buildings, libraries, and pupil facilities. Tactile paving was put in to help visually impaired people, and accessible routes had been fastidiously deliberate to reduce bodily boundaries. For instance, universities invested in retrofitting older buildings to enhance accessibility, typically including elevators or modifying entrances to accommodate wheelchairs and different mobility units. These adjustments aimed to offer equal entry to all campus amenities, fostering a extra inclusive studying surroundings. The purpose was that every one buildings ought to have clear and protected entries for everybody to make use of no matter their disabilities.

  • Assistive Applied sciences and Assets

    Accessibility Focus additionally entailed the availability of assistive applied sciences and assets to help college students with disabilities. This included laptop labs outfitted with display screen readers, text-to-speech software program, and voice recognition packages. Libraries expanded their collections of accessible supplies, resembling audiobooks and large-print texts. Incapacity service workplaces offered lodging resembling prolonged time on exams, note-taking help, and signal language interpreters. Sensible utility included the implementation of captioning companies for on-line movies and lectures, making certain that digital content material was accessible to college students with listening to impairments. These applied sciences and assets aimed to empower college students with disabilities to totally take part in tutorial actions and entry info successfully.

  • Accessible Course Supplies and Pedagogy

    Creating accessible course supplies and adopting inclusive pedagogical practices represented one other aspect of Accessibility Focus inside the “clear sky campus 00s.” This concerned designing course web sites and digital paperwork that had been suitable with assistive applied sciences, utilizing clear and concise language, and offering different codecs for assignments and assessments. Instructors had been inspired to undertake Common Design for Studying (UDL) ideas, which promote flexibility and inclusivity in curriculum design and supply. For example, school members may supply a number of choices for college kids to exhibit their studying, resembling written essays, oral shows, or multimedia initiatives. The trigger was that it could require instructors and campus administration to concentrate on their obligations and what’s wanted. These efforts aimed to accommodate numerous studying types and make sure that all college students had equal alternatives to succeed. It aimed to advertise completely different types of task submissions primarily based on what works greatest with college students’ capabilities.

  • Coaching and Consciousness Packages

    To advertise a tradition of inclusivity, many establishments applied coaching and consciousness packages for school, workers, and college students. These packages aimed to coach the campus neighborhood about incapacity points, promote understanding and empathy, and supply sensible steering on the right way to help college students with disabilities. Matters coated may embrace incapacity etiquette, accessible communication methods, and authorized necessities associated to incapacity lodging. Peer help packages had been additionally established, connecting college students with disabilities to mentors and position fashions who might present steering and encouragement. Consciousness campaigns, resembling incapacity consciousness week, aimed to problem stereotypes and promote a extra inclusive campus tradition. The important thing focus was on ensuring the campus neighborhood is conscious of scholars with disabilities.

In summation, Accessibility Focus served as a catalyst for creating extra inclusive and equitable studying environments inside the “clear sky campus 00s.” By addressing architectural boundaries, offering assistive applied sciences, selling accessible course supplies, and fostering a tradition of consciousness and understanding, establishments aimed to empower college students with disabilities to totally take part in tutorial life and obtain their full potential. The legacy of this motion continues to form campus planning and academic practices within the twenty first century, with ongoing efforts to refine and improve accessibility for all college students. The main focus is to create a campus surroundings that may permit college students with disabilities to really feel empowered and succeed of their studying journey.

7. Technological Transparency

Technological Transparency, as a defining side of the “clear sky campus 00s,” displays an intentional effort to demystify and overtly combine expertise inside the academic panorama. This concerned making expertise accessible, comprehensible, and seamlessly woven into numerous aspects of campus life. The underlying trigger was the fast development of digital applied sciences and a need to harness their potential for enhancing studying and communication. The meant impact was to create a extra open, collaborative, and environment friendly tutorial surroundings.

The mixing of open-source software program options in college IT infrastructure exemplifies Technological Transparency. Establishments actively adopted open-source platforms for course administration techniques, library databases, and analysis repositories, permitting college students and school to look at, modify, and contribute to the underlying code. This promoted a deeper understanding of the applied sciences they used and fostered a tradition of innovation and collaboration. One other instance includes the implementation of clear knowledge administration insurance policies. Universities applied insurance policies that clearly outlined how pupil knowledge was collected, used, and guarded, making certain that college students had been knowledgeable about the usage of their private info. This deal with knowledge privateness and transparency aimed to construct belief and accountability. It’s essential as a result of in some instances, resembling when there are on-line programs being tracked and graded, there should be clear communication channels on how college students knowledge are getting used and saved. These examples illustrate a dedication to creating expertise extra accessible and comprehensible to all members of the campus neighborhood, thereby fostering a extra inclusive and interesting studying surroundings.

Technological Transparency within the “clear sky campus 00s” additionally confronted challenges associated to digital literacy, knowledge safety, and equitable entry. Making certain that every one college students and school possessed the talents and assets wanted to successfully make the most of expertise required ongoing coaching and help. Addressing potential safety vulnerabilities and defending delicate knowledge demanded strong safety measures and clear knowledge governance insurance policies. Bridging the digital divide and making certain that every one college students had equal entry to expertise required focused interventions and useful resource allocation. Regardless of these challenges, the emphasis on Technological Transparency represented a major shift in direction of extra open, collaborative, and student-centered studying environments. The continuing dedication to democratizing entry to expertise and selling digital literacy continues to form larger training within the twenty first century. It helps in selling efficient studying for the reason that information on how applied sciences are being utilized in campuses is transparently communicated and defined in particulars to college students.

Often Requested Questions

This part addresses frequent inquiries and clarifies misconceptions relating to the traits and implications of academic establishments inside the “clear sky campus 00s” framework.

Query 1: What particular time-frame does the time period “clear sky campus 00s” embody?

The time period refers primarily to the interval between the years 2000 and 2009, though the affect of tendencies initiated throughout this time might prolong past this particular decade. Its focus is on the dominant architectural, technological, and pedagogical approaches prevalent throughout that period.

Query 2: Is the architectural model solely restricted to Modernism in a “clear sky campus 00s” surroundings?

Whereas Modernism exerted a major affect, campus designs throughout this era typically included components of different architectural types, together with Postmodernism and sustainable design ideas. Nonetheless, the emphasis on transparency, open areas, and clear traces remained a defining attribute.

Query 3: How did digital integration affect the curriculum in a “clear sky campus 00s” setting?

Digital integration led to the incorporation of on-line studying assets, multimedia content material, and interactive simulations into the curriculum. Studying Administration Techniques (LMS) grew to become integral to course supply, facilitating communication and collaboration between instructors and college students. These adjustments enhanced flexibility in research schedules and instructing types.

Query 4: Had been collaborative areas restricted to tutorial buildings inside a “clear sky campus 00s”?

No, collaborative areas prolonged past formal studying environments to incorporate casual gathering spots resembling pupil lounges, espresso outlets, and out of doors seating areas. These areas had been designed to encourage spontaneous interactions and information alternate.

Query 5: What measures had been applied to make sure accessibility for college kids with disabilities in a “clear sky campus 00s” surroundings?

Accessibility measures included architectural variations resembling ramps and elevators, the availability of assistive applied sciences, the creation of accessible course supplies, and the implementation of coaching packages to advertise incapacity consciousness amongst school and workers.

Query 6: Did all establishments embrace environmental consciousness initiatives through the “clear sky campus 00s”?

Whereas environmental consciousness gained prominence throughout this era, the extent to which establishments embraced sustainability initiatives diverse. Nonetheless, the pattern in direction of incorporating LEED requirements, implementing recycling packages, and adopting renewable power sources grew to become more and more prevalent.

In conclusion, the “clear sky campus 00s” represents a definite period in larger training characterised by particular architectural tendencies, technological integrations, and pedagogical approaches. Understanding these components supplies priceless insights into the evolution of campus environments and their affect on the coed expertise.

The following part will analyze the long-term results and persevering with relevance of those design and academic philosophies in modern tutorial settings.

Steering for Fashionable Campus Design Based mostly on the “Clear Sky Campus 00s”

This part presents actionable suggestions derived from the successes and shortcomings noticed through the “clear sky campus 00s” interval, relevant to modern campus planning and academic methods.

Tip 1: Prioritize Sustainable and Vitality-Environment friendly Design: Combine sustainable constructing supplies, energy-efficient applied sciences, and renewable power sources to reduce environmental affect and cut back operational prices. Glass-dominated constructions, a typical characteristic, have to be balanced with efficient insulation and shading options to mitigate power consumption.

Tip 2: Guarantee Sturdy and Safe Digital Infrastructure: Implement dependable and safe Wi-Fi networks, superior cybersecurity measures, and complete knowledge administration insurance policies. Digital assets and platforms have to be protected in opposition to cyber threats and knowledge breaches, making certain the privateness and safety of pupil info.

Tip 3: Foster Adaptable and Know-how-Enabled Studying Areas: Create versatile lecture rooms and collaborative areas outfitted with interactive shows, video conferencing techniques, and adaptable furnishings. These areas ought to help numerous instructing strategies and promote lively studying, group initiatives, and interdisciplinary collaboration.

Tip 4: Promote Common Accessibility and Inclusive Design: Adhere to accessibility requirements in all features of campus planning, making certain that buildings, assets, and companies are totally accessible to people with disabilities. Implement Common Design for Studying (UDL) ideas in curriculum improvement to accommodate numerous studying types and desires.

Tip 5: Facilitate Open Communication and Transparency: Set up clear communication channels between the college and its college students, offering well timed updates on campus insurance policies, tutorial packages, and administrative procedures. Clear knowledge governance insurance policies ought to outline how pupil knowledge is collected, used, and guarded.

Tip 6: Combine Nature and Out of doors Areas: Incorporate inexperienced areas, gardens, and out of doors seating areas to advertise pupil well-being and create alternatives for casual interactions and out of doors studying. The incorporation of pure gentle and air flow needs to be prioritized in constructing design.

Tip 7: Encourage Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Set up devoted collaboration hubs and interdisciplinary analysis facilities that convey collectively college students and school from numerous tutorial fields. These areas ought to foster cross-pollination of concepts and promote collaborative problem-solving.

Tip 8: Constantly Consider and Adapt: Often assess the effectiveness of campus designs and academic methods by means of pupil suggestions, knowledge evaluation, and benchmarking in opposition to greatest practices. Be ready to adapt and evolve campus environments to satisfy the altering wants of scholars and the evolving panorama of upper training.

By adhering to those pointers, establishments can leverage the teachings realized from the “clear sky campus 00s” to create trendy, sustainable, and student-centered studying environments that promote tutorial success and private progress.

The ultimate part of this text will present a concluding abstract of the important thing themes and insights introduced.

Conclusion

This exploration of “clear sky campus 00s” has illuminated a transformative interval in larger training. Architectural modernism, digital integration, collaborative areas, student-centric design, environmental consciousness, accessibility focus, and technological transparency converged to form campus environments through the first decade of the twenty first century. These components, whereas individually important, collectively characterize a paradigm shift in how academic establishments approached studying and campus life.

The insights gleaned from this period present priceless classes for modern campus design and pedagogical methods. As establishments proceed to evolve, a dedication to sustainability, inclusivity, and technological innovation stays paramount. The legacy of “clear sky campus 00s” serves as a reminder of the enduring significance of making studying environments that foster pupil success, promote well-being, and put together graduates for a fancy and ever-changing world. Additional analysis and adaptation of those ideas are important to make sure that future campuses stay attentive to the wants of scholars and society alike.